Arabidopsis Root-Type Ferredoxin:NADP(H) Oxidoreductase 2 is Involved in Detoxification of Nitrite in Roots
Ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase (FNR) plays a key role in redox metabolism in plastids. Whereas leaf FNR (LFNR) is required for photosynthesis, root FNR (RFNR) is believed to provide electrons to ferredoxin (Fd)-dependent enzymes, including nitrite reductase (NiR) and Fd-glutamine-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (Fd-GOGAT) in non-photosynthetic conditions. In some herbal species, however, most nitrate reductase activity is located in photosynthetic organs, and ammonium in roots is assimilated mainly by Fd-independent NADH-GOGAT. Therefore, RFNR might have a limited impact on N assimilation in roots grown with nitrate or am...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Hachiya, T., Ueda, N., Kitagawa, M., Hanke, G., Suzuki, A., Hase, T., Sakakibara, H. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Increased Rate of NAD Metabolism Shortens Plant Longevity by Accelerating Developmental Senescence in Arabidopsis
NAD is a well-known co-enzyme that mediates hundreds of redox reactions and is the basis of various processes regulating cell responses to different environmental and developmental cues. The regulatory mechanism that determines the amount of cellular NAD and the rate of NAD metabolism remains unclear. We created Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing the NAD synthase (NADS) gene that participates in the final step of NAD biosynthesis. NADS overexpression enhanced the activity of NAD biosynthesis but not the amounts of NAD+, NADH, NADP+ or NADPH. However, the amounts of some intermediates were elevated, suggesting that ...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Hashida, S.-n., Itami, T., Takahara, K., Hirabayashi, T., Uchimiya, H., Kawai-Yamada, M. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Moderate Heat Stress Stimulates Repair of Photosystem II During Photoinhibition in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Examination of the effects of high temperature on the photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 revealed that the extent of photoinhibition of PSII was lower at moderately high temperatures (35–42 °C) than at 30 °C. Photodamage to PSII, as determined in the presence of chloramphenicol, which blocks the repair of PSII, was accelerated at the moderately high temperatures but the effects of repair were greater than those of photodamage. The synthesis de novo of the D1 protein, which is essential for the repair of PSII, was enhanced at 38 °C. Electron transport ...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Ueno, M., Sae-Tang, P., Kusama, Y., Hihara, Y., Matsuda, M., Hasunuma, T., Nishiyama, Y. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Cullin1-P is an Essential Component of Non-Self Recognition System in Self-Incompatibility in Petunia
Self-incompatibility (SI) in flowering plants is a genetic reproductive barrier to distinguish self- and non-self pollen to promote outbreeding. In Solanaceae, self-pollen is rejected by the ribonucleases expressed in the styles (S-RNases), via its cytotoxic function. On the other side, the male-determinant is the S-locus F-box proteins (SLFs) expressed in pollen. Multiple SLFs collaboratively detoxify non-self S-RNases, therefore, non-self recognition is the mode of self-/non-self discrimination in Solanaceae. It is considered that SLFs function as a substrate-recognition module of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) complex tha...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Kubo, K.-i., Tsukahara, M., Fujii, S., Murase, K., Wada, Y., Entani, T., Iwano, M., Takayama, S. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Differential Regulation of Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase Abundances by VIRESCENT 5A (OsV5A) and VIRESCENT 5B (OsV5B) in Rice Seedlings
(Source: Plant and Cell Physiology)
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Liu, H., Li, Q., Yang, F., Zhu, F., Sun, Y., Tao, Y., Lo, C. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
The Dual Roles of the Golgi Transport 1 (GOT1B): RNA Localization to the Cortical Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Export of Proglutelin and {alpha}-Globulin from the Cortical ER to the Golgi
The rice glup2 lines are characterized by their abnormally high levels of endosperm 57 kDa proglutelins and of the luminal chaperone binding protein (BiP), features characteristic of a defect within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To elucidate the underlying genetic basis, the glup2 locus was identified by map based cloning. DNA sequencing of the genomes of three glup2 alleles and wild type demonstrated that the underlying genetic basis was mutations in the Golgi transport 1 (GOT1B) coding sequence. This conclusion was further validated by restoration of normal proglutelin levels in a glup2 line complemented by a GOT1B gen...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Fukuda, M., Kawagoe, Y., Murakami, T., Washida, H., Sugino, A., Nagamine, A., Okita, T. W., Ogawa, M., Kumamaru, T. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Two Members of the Aluminum-Activated Malate Transporter Family, SlALMT4 and SlALMT5, are Expressed during Fruit Development, and the Overexpression of SlALMT5 Alters Organic Acid Contents in Seeds in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
The aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT) family of proteins transports malate and/or inorganic anions across plant membranes. To demonstrate the possible role of ALMT genes in tomato fruit development, we focused on SlALMT4 and SlALMT5, the two major genes expressed during fruit development. Predicted proteins were classified into clade 2 of the family, many members of which localize to endomembranes. Tissue-specific gene expression was determined using transgenic tomato expressing the β-glucuronidase reporter gene controlled by their own promoters. Both the genes were expressed in vascular bundles connecting ...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Sasaki, T., Tsuchiya, Y., Ariyoshi, M., Nakano, R., Ushijima, K., Kubo, Y., Mori, I. C., Higashiizumi, E., Galis, I., Yamamoto, Y. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Effects of Cadmium Treatment on the Uptake and Translocation of Sulfate in Arabidopsis thaliana
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic and non-essential element for plants, whereas phytochelatins and glutathione are low-molecular-weight sulfur compounds that function as chelators and play important roles in detoxification. Cadmium exposure is known to induce the expression of sulfur-assimilating enzymes and sulfate uptake by roots. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Cd-induced changes remains largely unknown. Accordingly, we analyzed the effects of Cd treatment on the uptake and translocation of sulfate and accumulation of thiols in Arabidopsis thaliana. Both wild type (WT) and null mutant (sel1-10 and sel1-18) plan...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Yamaguchi, C., Takimoto, Y., Ohkama-Ohtsu, N., Hokura, A., Shinano, T., Nakamura, T., Suyama, A., Maruyama-Nakashita, A. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Phytochelatin Synthesis Promotes Leaf Zn Accumulation of Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Grown in Soil with Adequate Zn Supply and is Essential for Survival on Zn-Contaminated Soil
Phytochelatin (PC) synthesis is essential for the detoxification of non-essential metals such as cadmium (Cd). In vitro experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings had indicated a contribution to zinc (Zn) tolerance as well. We addressed the physiological role of PC synthesis in Zn homeostasis of plants under more natural conditions. Growth responses, PC accumulation and leaf ionomes of wild-type and AtPCS1 mutant plants cultivated in different soils representing adequate Zn supply, Zn deficiency and Zn excess were analyzed. Growth on Zn-contaminated soil triggers PC synthesis and is strongly impaired in PC-deficient m...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Kühnlenz, T., Hofmann, C., Uraguchi, S., Schmidt, H., Schempp, S., Weber, M., Lahner, B., Salt, D. E., Clemens, S. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Starch Content in Leaf Sheath Controlled by CO2-Responsive CCT Protein is a Potential Determinant of Photosynthetic Capacity in Rice
In this study, we analyzed the effects of the starch level in the leaf sheath on the photosynthetic rate in the leaf blade using CRCT overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown transgenic rice grown under ambient (38 Pa) or elevated (100 Pa) CO2 conditions. In leaf sheath, the starch content was markedly changed in relation to CRCT expression levels under both CO2 conditions. In contrast, the soluble sugar and starch contents of the leaf blade were markedly increased in the knockdown line grown under elevated CO2 conditions. The overexpression or RNAi knockdown of CRCT did not cause large effects on the photosynt...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Morita, R., Inoue, K., Ikeda, K.-i., Hatanaka, T., Misoo, S., Fukayama, H. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Enhanced Salt Tolerance under Nitrate Nutrition is Associated with Apoplast Na+ Content in Canola (Brassica. napus L.) and Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Plants
To analyze the effect of nitrogen form on salt stress, we studied the response of two different plant species, canola (Brassica napus L.), a dicotyledon which prefers NO3– nutrition, and rice (Oryza sativa L.), a monocotyledon which prefers NH4+ nutrition, to salt stress under NO3– (NN) and NH4+ (AN) nutrition. Salt stress was simulated by the addition of 150 and 100 mM NaCl to NN (NNS) and AN (ANS) in canola and rice seedlings, respectively. Salt stress induced reductions of shoot and root biomass that were more drastic under ANS. A higher Na+ content was obtained in NNS than in ANS. The impact of Na+ on the r...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Gao, L., Liu, M., Wang, M., Shen, Q., Guo, S. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Autophosphorylation of Specific Threonine and Tyrosine Residues in Arabidopsis CERK1 is Essential for the Activation of Chitin-Induced Immune Signaling
In this study, 41 Ser/Thr/Tyr and 15 Ser/Thr residues were identified as in vitro and in vivo autophosphorylation sites of Arabidopsis CERK1, which is essential for chitin signaling. Comprehensive analysis of transgenic plants expressing mutated CERK1 genes for each phosphorylation site in the cerk1-2 background indicated that the phosphorylation of T479 in the activation segment and Y428 located upstream of the catalytic loop is important for the activation of chitin-triggered defense responses. Contribution of the phosphorylation of T573 to the chitin responses was also suggested. In vitro evaluation of kinase activities...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Suzuki, M., Shibuya, M., Shimada, H., Motoyama, N., Nakashima, M., Takahashi, S., Suto, K., Yoshida, I., Matsui, S., Tsujimoto, N., Ohnishi, M., Ishibashi, Y., Fujimoto, Z., Desaki, Y., Kaku, H., Kito, K., Shibuya, N. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
MYB94 and MYB96 Additively Activate Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis
In this study, we investigated the functional relationship between MYB94 and MYB96 transcription factors involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Both MYB94 and MYB96 transcripts were abundantly expressed in the aerial organs of Arabidopsis, and significantly induced at the same or similar time points under conditions of drought. MYB94 complemented the wax-deficient phenotype of the myb96 loss-of-function mutant under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. The magnitude of decrease in total wax load in the myb94 myb96 double mutant was almost equal to the sum of the reduced wax loads in the individual myb94 and my...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Lee, S. B., Kim, H. U., Suh, M. C. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Expression and Protein Interaction Analyses Reveal Combinatorial Interactions of LBD Transcription Factors During Arabidopsis Pollen Development
LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) transcription factor gene family members play key roles in diverse aspects of plant development. LBD10 and LBD27 have been shown to be essential for pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana. From the previous RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data set of Arabidopsis pollen, we identified the mRNAs of LBD22, LBD25 and LBD36 in addition to LBD10 and LBD27 in Arabidopsis pollen. Here we conducted expression and cellular analysis using GFP:GUS (green fluorescent protein:β-glucuronidase) reporter gene and subcellular localization assays using LBD:GFP fusion proteins expressed under the contro...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Kim, M., Kim, M.-J., Pandey, S., Kim, J. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
Evaluation of the Role of the LysM Receptor-Like Kinase, OsNFR5/OsRLK2 for AM Symbiosis in Rice
In legume-specific rhizobial symbiosis, host plants perceive rhizobial signal molecules, Nod factors, by a pair of LysM receptor-like kinases, NFR1/LYK3 and NFR5/NFP, and activate symbiotic responses through the downstream signaling components also required for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. Recently, the rice NFR1/LYK3 ortholog, OsCERK1, was shown to play crucial roles for AM symbiosis. On the other hand, the roles of the NFR5/NFP ortholog in rice have not been elucidated, while it has been shown that NFR5/NFP orthologs, Parasponia PaNFR5 and tomato SlRLK10, engage in AM symbiosis. OsCERK1 also triggers immune res...
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology - November 3, 2016 Category: Cytology Authors: Miyata, K., Hayafune, M., Kobae, Y., Kaku, H., Nishizawa, Y., Masuda, Y., Shibuya, N., Nakagawa, T. Tags: Regular Papers Source Type: research
