Multimodal visual exploration disturbances in Parkinson's disease detected with an infrared eye-movement assessment system
Publication date: Available online 9 November 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Kou Nagai, Yoshiyuki Kaneko, Masahiro Suzuki, Hiroko Teramoto, Akihiko Morita, Satoshi Kamei, Yusuke Watanabe, Masahiro Okada, Makoto UchiyamaAbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) reportedly show disturbed visual exploration. However, whether this disturbance is due to dysfunctional visual information processing remains unclear. To clarify the effects of PD on visual information processing when exploring for targets and to compare disease effects with aging effects, we used an infrared eye-movement assessment system. Cognitively normal P...
Source: Neuroscience Research - November 9, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Possible role of backpropagating action potentials in corticospinal neurons in I-wave periodicity following a TMS pulse
Publication date: Available online 28 October 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Yoshikazu Ugawa, John C Rothwell, Walter PaulusAbstractA single pulse of TMS or direct electric stimulation over M1 causes repetitive synchronized firing of corticospinal tract (CST) neurons. Two mechanisms for the repetitive firing have been proposed: a cascade of synaptic inputs to the pyramidal neurons and a single reverberating circuit of interneurons. Here, we propose another possibility in which bursting of CST neurons is produced by dendritic Ca2+-spikes. Backpropagation of the initial action potential (I1-wave) from the soma i...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 30, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Proteomic analysis of exosome-enriched fractions derived from cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
Publication date: Available online 24 October 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Noriko Hayashi, Hiroshi Doi, Yoichi Kurata, Hiroyuki Kagawa, Yoshitoshi Atobe, Kengo Funakoshi, Mikiko Tada, Atsuko Katsumoto, Kenichi Tanaka, Misako Kunii, Haruko Nakamura, Keita Takahashi, Hideyuki Takeuchi, Shigeru Koyano, Yayoi Kimura, Hisashi Hirano, Fumiaki TanakaAbstractExosomes contain many proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. To identify new candidate biomarkers and proteins associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry proteomic analysis of ex...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 25, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Voluntary and Involuntary Movements: a proposal from a clinician
Publication date: Available online 18 October 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Yoshikazu UgawaAbstractIn this communication, I first summarize the mechanisms underlying human voluntary movements and define the involuntary movements (medical term).Classification of human movementsHuman movements are classified into two main kinds: intentional movements and non-intentional movements in which the involuntary movements are included. Non-intentional movements have many kinds of movement: normal non-intentional movements (associate movements, mirror movements or juggling knees etc.), several reflexes (spinal tendon, s...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 19, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Reverse-filtering on extracellular action potential for waveform analysis
Publication date: Available online 15 October 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Takashi Mizuhiki, Tsuyoshi Setogawa, Munetaka ShidaraAbstractFor further understanding the role of serotonergic neurons, unit recordings using behaving primates are increasingly needed. A widely used criterion to identify serotonergic neuron relies on the duration of extracellular action potential (EAP). However, the duration is inaccurate due to the passband limitation needed to carry out the spike sorting. To restore an original waveform, we conducted 1) averaging the EAPs collected from the unfiltered raw signal and 2) reverse-filt...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 18, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
The effects of emotional stress are not identical to those of physical stress in mouse model of social defeat stress
In this study, we investigated the effects of emotional stress and physical stress using the social defeat stress (SDS) model in mice. Male C57BL/6 J mice were attacked by male non-retired ICR mice for 10 min daily for 10 days (physical stress; PS), while the other cohort of mice witnessed the defeat (emotional stress; ES). As a result, both PS and ES mice exhibited decreased social behavior in the social interaction test (SIT) and increased immobility in the forced swim test (FST). Interestingly, only ES mice exhibited decreased sucrose preference, and only PS mice exhibited decreased time spent in the open arms in th...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 18, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Why context matters? Divisive normalization and Canonical microcircuits in psychiatric disorders
Publication date: Available online 16 October 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Georg Northoff, Hajime MushiakeAbstractNeural activity on cellular, regional, and behavioral levels shows context-dependence. Here we suggest the processing of input-output relationships in terms divisive normalization (DN), including (i) summing/averaging inputs and (ii) normalizing output against input stages, as a computational mechanism to underlie context-dependence. Input summation and output normalization are mediated by input-output relationships in canonical microcircuits (CM). DN/CM are altered in psychiatric disorders like ...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 18, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Heterogeneity of tyrosine hydroxylase expressing neurons in the main olfactory bulb of the mouse
Publication date: Available online 17 October 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Toshio Kosaka, Angela Pignatelli, Katsuko KosakaAbstractThe structural features of dopamine (DA)-GABAergic neurons in the mouse main olfactory bulbs were examined, using both wild type and transgenic TH-GFP mice, with the combination of several methods; the immunocytochemistry, biotinylated dextran amine labeling, lucifer yellow injection in fixed slices, biocytin injection in live slice and the functional olfactory deprivation. DA-GABAergic neurons were clustered in the glomerular layer (GL) but they also scattered in other layers. D...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 18, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Activation of D1-like dopamine receptors is involved in the impairment of spatial memory in the offspring of morphine-abstinent rats
In this study, we examined the role of D1-like dopamine receptor (D1 DR) on spatial memory in the offspring of morphine-abstinent rats. Adult male and female rats received morphine orally for 21 days and were drug-free for ten days. The rats were prepared to mate and the offspring were divided into four groups: offspring of drug-naïve parents, offspring of maternal morphine-exposed, offspring of paternal morphine-exposed, and PME + MME group. Saline or SCH23390 was injected into the hippocampus and prefrontal (PFC), and the Morris Water Maze task was performed. Afterward, the rats were sacrificed, and phosphorylated-C...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 18, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
“Passenger gene” problem in transgenic C57BL/6 mice used in hearing research
In this study, we investigated the role of fatty acid-binding protein 7 (Fabp7), which is important for cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of fatty acids in the cochlea, using traditional Fabp7 knockout (KO) mice on the C57BL/6 background. We found that Fabp7 KO mice showed delayed AHL progression and milder cochlear degeneration. However, the genotype of the Cdh23 region flanking Fabp7 was still that of 129/Sv origin (Cdh23753GG). Our findings reveal the potential risk of contamination for traditional transgenic mice generated on the C57BL/6 background. (Source: Neuroscience Research)
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 15, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
A combinational treatment of carotenoids decreases Aβ secretion in human neurons via β-secretase inhibition
In this study, we established a human neuronal culture system using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to evaluate the possible effects of natural compounds on the amyloid phenotype. Unexpectedly, we found that combinational treatment of carotenoids, but not docosahexaenoic acid, significantly decreased Aβ secretion from iPSC-derived human cortical neurons. Importantly, the effects of the carotenoids resulted from specific inhibition of BACE1 activity and not from expression changes in APP or BACE1. Therefore, these results indicate a novel beneficial function of carotenoids in the anti-amyloidogenic processing of APP...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 12, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Evaluating the efficacy of small molecules for neural differentiation of common marmoset ESCs and iPSCs
Publication date: Available online 3 October 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Sho Yoshimatsu, Mari Nakamura, Mayutaka Nakajima, Akisa Nemoto, Tsukika Sato, Erika Sasaki, Seiji Shiozawa, Hideyuki OkanoAbstractThe common marmoset (marmoset; Callithrix jacchus) harbors various desired features as a non-human primate (NHP) model for neuroscience research. Recently, efforts have been made to induce neural cells in vitro from marmoset pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are characterized by their capacity to differentiate into all cell ...
Source: Neuroscience Research - October 4, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
The central circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as an ensemble of multiple oscillatory neurons
Publication date: Available online 24 September 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Michihiro MiedaAbstractCircadian rhythms are oscillations with approximately 24-h period that appear in most of physiological events in our body. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus functions as the central circadian pacemaker in mammals and entrains to the environmental light/dark cycle. The SCN is a network structure composed of multiple types of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons and glial cells. Although individual SCN neurons have intracellular molecular machinery of circadian clock and the ability to ...
Source: Neuroscience Research - September 25, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Prelim ii(edi board)
Publication date: November 2019Source: Neuroscience Research, Volume 148Author(s): (Source: Neuroscience Research)
Source: Neuroscience Research - September 17, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Inter-dependence between mathematically independent variability components in human multi-finger force control
Publication date: Available online 14 September 2019Source: Neuroscience ResearchAuthor(s): Yushin Kim, Kyung Koh, Jae Kun ShimAbstractIn human movement control, inherent error or uncertainty in the controller, motor system, and sensory system causes variability in motor outcomes. Previous studies have suggested different methods to quantify and examine independent components of the motor variability of motor outputs in a redundant motor system. While these motor variability components are mathematically independent, it is unknown if these components are behaviorally independent among subjects. The aim of this study was to...
Source: Neuroscience Research - September 15, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
