Mast cells as sources of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors
Summary
Mast cells are hematopoietic cells that reside in virtually all vascularized tissues and that represent potential sources of a wide variety of biologically active secreted products, including diverse cytokines and growth factors. There is strong evidence for important non‐redundant roles of mast cells in many types of innate or adaptive immune responses, including making important contributions to immediate and chronic IgE‐associated allergic disorders and enhancing host resistance to certain venoms and parasites. However, mast cells have been proposed to influence many other biological processes, including res...
Source: Immunological Reviews - February 12, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Kaori Mukai, Mindy Tsai, Hirohisa Saito, Stephen J. Galli Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
Biomarkers for evaluation of mast cell and basophil activation
Summary
Mast cells and basophils play a pathogenetic role in allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. These cells have different development, anatomical location and life span but share many similarities in mechanisms of activation and type of mediators. Mediators secreted by mast cells and basophils correlate with clinical severity in asthma, chronic urticaria, anaphylaxis, and other diseases. Therefore, effective biomarkers to measure mast cell and basophil activation in vivo could potentially have high diagnostic and prognostic values. An ideal biomarker should be specific for mast cells or basophils, easily an...
Source: Immunological Reviews - February 12, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Kenji Kabashima, Chisa Nakashima, Yumi Nonomura, Atsushi Otsuka, Chiara Cardamone, Roberta Parente, Giulia De Feo, Massimo Triggiani Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
Non ‐IgE mediated mast cell activation
Summary
Mast cells (MCs) are innate immune cells that are scattered in tissues throughout the organism being particularly abundant at sites exposed to the environment such as the skin and mucosal surfaces. Generally known for their role in IgE‐mediated allergies, they have also important functions in the maintenance of tissue integrity by constantly sensing their microenvironment for signals by inflammatory triggers that can comprise infectious agents, toxins, hormones, alarmins, metabolic states, etc. When triggered their main function is to release a whole set of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, chemokines, and lipid...
Source: Immunological Reviews - February 12, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Frank A. Redegeld, Yingxin Yu, Sangeeta Kumari, Nicolas Charles, Ulrich Blank Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
Changing the threshold —Signals and mechanisms of mast cell priming
Summary
Mast cells play a key role in allergy and other inflammatory diseases involving engagement of multivalent antigen with IgE bound to high‐affinity IgE receptors (FcεRIs). Aggregation of FcεRIs on mast cells initiates a cascade of signaling events that eventually lead to degranulation, secretion of leukotrienes and prostaglandins, and cytokine and chemokine production contributing to the inflammatory response. Exposure to pro‐inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, bacterial and viral products, as well as some other biological products and drugs, induces mast cell transition from the basal state into a primed one, ...
Source: Immunological Reviews - February 12, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Ivana Halova, Elin R önnberg, Lubica Draberova, Harissios Vliagoftis, Gunnar P. Nilsson, Petr Draber Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
Imaging of mast cells
Summary
Mast cells are a part of the innate immune system implicated in allergic reactions and the regulation of host‐pathogen interactions. The distribution, morphology and biochemical composition of mast cells has been studied in detail in vitro and on tissue sections both at the light microscopic and ultrastructural level. More recently, the development of fluorescent reporter strains and intravital imaging modalities has enabled first glimpses of the real‐time behavior of mast cells in situ. In this review, we describe commonly used imaging approaches to study mast cells in cell culture as well as within normal and...
Source: Immunological Reviews - February 12, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Shweta Tikoo, Natasja Barki, Rohit Jain, Nursafwana S. Zulkhernain, Sabine Buhner, Michael Schemann, Wolfgang Weninger Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
RBL cells as models for in vitro studies of mast cells and basophils
Summary
Since their establishment in 1981, RBL‐2H3 cells have been widely used as a mast cell (MC) model. Their ability to be easily grown in culture in large amounts, their responsiveness to FcεRI‐mediated triggers and the fact that they can be genetically manipulated, have provided advantages over primary MCs, in particular for molecular studies relying on genetic screening. Furthermore, the ability to generate clones that stably express proteins of interest, for example, a human receptor, have marked the RBL cells as an attractive MC model for drug screening. Indeed, 3 RBL reporter cell lines (RS‐ATL8, NFAT‐DsR...
Source: Immunological Reviews - February 12, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Franco H. Falcone, Daniel Wan, Nafal Barwary, Ronit Sagi ‐Eisenberg Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
Is it time for a new classification of mast cells? What do we know about mast cell heterogeneity?
We describe the discovery of unique cell molecules that can be used to distinguish specific MC subsets in vivo, and discuss how the improved ability to recognize these subsets provided new insights into the biology of MCs. These recent advances will be helpful for the understanding of the specific role of individual MC subsets in the control of tissue homeostasis, and in the regulation of pathological conditions such as infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. (Source: Immunological Reviews)
Source: Immunological Reviews - February 12, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Barbara Frossi, Francesca Mion, Riccardo Sibilano, Luca Danelli, Carlo E. M. Pucillo Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
Human mast cells and basophils —How are they similar how are they different?
Summary
Mast cells and basophils are key contributors to allergies and other inflammatory diseases since they are the most prominent source of histamine as well as numerous additional inflammatory mediators which drive inflammatory responses. However, a closer understanding of their precise roles in allergies and other pathological conditions has been marred by the considerable heterogeneity that these cells display, not only between mast cells and basophils themselves but also across different tissue locations and species. While both cell types share the ability to rapidly degranulate and release histamine following high...
Source: Immunological Reviews - February 12, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Gilda Varricchi, Ulrike Raap, Felice Rivellese, Gianni Marone, Bernhard F. Gibbs Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
What we know (and don't know) about the biology and functions of mast cells and basophils
(Source: Immunological Reviews)
Source: Immunological Reviews - February 12, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Marcus Maurer, Carlo Pucillo Tags: INTRODUCTION Source Type: research
Issue Information
(Source: Immunological Reviews)
Source: Immunological Reviews - December 17, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: ISSUE INFORMATION Source Type: research
Tuning inflammation and immunity by the negative regulators IL ‐1R2 and IL‐1R8
Summary
Interleukin‐1 receptor family members (ILRs) and Toll‐Like Receptors (TLRs) are key players in immunity and inflammation and are tightly regulated at different levels. Most cell types, including cells of the innate and adaptive immune system express ILRs and TLRs. In addition, IL‐1 family members are emerging as key players in the differentiation and function of innate and adaptive lymphoid cells. IL‐1R2 and IL‐1R8 (also known as TIR8 or SIGIRR) are members of the ILR family acting as negative regulators of the IL‐1 system. IL‐1R2 binds IL‐1 and the accessory protein IL‐1RAcP without activating si...
Source: Immunological Reviews - December 16, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Martina Molgora, Domenico Supino, Alberto Mantovani, Cecilia Garlanda Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
The family of the interleukin ‐1 receptors
Summary
The extracellular forms of the IL‐1 cytokines are active through binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells. IL‐1 ligands bind to the extracellular portion of their ligand‐binding receptor chain. For signaling to take place, a non‐binding accessory chain is recruited into a heterotrimeric complex. The intracellular approximation of the Toll‐IL‐1‐receptor (TIR) domains of the 2 receptor chains is the event that initiates signaling. The family of IL‐1 receptors (IL‐1R) includes 10 structurally related members, and the distantly related soluble protein IL‐18BP that acts as inhibit...
Source: Immunological Reviews - December 16, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Diana Boraschi, Paola Italiani, Sabrina Weil, Michael U. Martin Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
Biology of IL ‐38 and its role in disease
Summary
IL‐38 belongs to the IL‐36 cytokines, which in turn are part of the IL‐1 family. The first biological function of IL‐38 described was blocking the activation of the IL‐36R signaling similar to IL‐36Ra. Since IL‐36 cytokines require processing in order to become fully active, it is likely that IL‐38 also must be processed to become maximally active. However, the protease(s) responsible for this is currently not known. In addition of IL‐38 binding IL‐36R, it has been proposed it can also interact with the co‐receptor TIGIRR2. IL‐38 is expressed in several tissues including tonsils, placenta, h...
Source: Immunological Reviews - December 16, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Frank L. Veerdonk, Dennis M. Graaf, Leo AB Joosten, Charles A. Dinarello Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
Suppression of inflammation and acquired immunity by IL ‐37
Abstract
IL‐37 is a unique member of the IL‐1 family of cytokines, which functions as a natural suppressor of inflammatory and immune responses. Immune and non‐immune cells produce IL‐37 precursor following pro‐inflammatory stimuli. Following activating cleavage by caspase‐1, mature IL‐37 translocates to the nucleus, where it suppresses transcription of pro‐inflammatory genes. Both precursor and mature IL‐37 are also secreted in the extracellular space, where they bind IL‐18Rα and recruit the IL‐1R8 (formerly TIR8 or SIGIRR), which transduces anti‐inflammatory signals by suppressing NF‐kB and MAP...
Source: Immunological Reviews - December 16, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Giulio Cavalli, Charles A. Dinarello Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
Regulation and function of interleukin ‐36 cytokines
Summary
The interleukin (IL)‐36 cytokines include 3 agonists, IL‐36α, IL‐36β, and IL‐36γ that bind to a common receptor composed of IL‐36R and IL‐1RAcP to stimulate inflammatory responses. IL‐36Ra is a natural antagonist that binds to IL‐36R, but does not recruit the co‐receptor IL‐1RAcP and does not stimulate any intracellular responses. The IL‐36 cytokines are expressed predominantly by epithelial cells and act on a number of cells including immune cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. Processing of the N‐terminus is required for full agonist or antagonist activity for all IL‐36 members. ...
Source: Immunological Reviews - December 16, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Esen Yonca Bassoy, Jennifer E Towne, Cem Gabay Tags: INVITED REVIEW Source Type: research
