Chapter 10 Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of malignancies located in the central nervous system
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): Cassandra Verheul, Anne Kleijn, Martine L.M. Lamfers CNS malignancies include primary tumors that originate within the CNS as well as secondary tumors that develop as a result of metastatic cancer. The delicate nature of the nervous systems makes tumors located in the CNS notoriously difficult to reach, which poses several problems during diagnosis and treatment. CSF can be acquired relatively easy through lumbar puncture and offers an important compartment for analysis of cells and molecules that carry information about the malignant ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 9 Cerebrospinal fluid findings in Guillain –Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): Zsolt Illes, Morten Blaabjerg The classic immunologic alteration of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), albuminocytologic dissociation, has been known since the original paper by Guillain, Barré, and Strohl. Albuminocytologic dissociation has been also described in other forms of the GBS spectrum, such as axonal motor or motor-sensory forms (AMAN, AMSAN), the anti-GQ1b spectrum of Miller Fisher syndrome, and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis. Cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, complement components, and ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 8 Cerebrospinal fluid in Creutzfeldt –Jakob disease
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): Inga Zerr, Saima Zafar, Matthias Schmitz, Franc Llorens Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains a dynamic and complex mixture of proteins, which reflects physiologic or pathologic states of the central nervous system. Changes in CSF proteome have been described in various neurodegenerative disorders. Earliest publications came from the field of prion disease. Two major approaches have been followed aiming to detect the pathologic form of prion protein (PrPSc) in various peripheral tissues on one hand, but also looking for surrogate paramet...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 7 Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid for synucleinopathies, tauopathies, and other neurodegenerative disorders
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): Tainá M. Marques, Anouke Van Rumund, H. Bea Kuiperij, Marcel M. Verbeek The incidence of neurodegenerative disorders is increasing due to worldwide population aging. In general, sporadic forms account for 90% of total cases with neurodegenerative disorders and the reasons underlying initiation or progression of these diseases remain unknown for almost all disorders. To date, diagnosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms and neuroimaging, which is in many cases insufficient due to overlap in clinical symptoms among several neurodegen...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 6 Cerebrospinal fluid in the dementias
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): Henrik Zetterberg, Jonathan D. Rohrer, Jonathan M. Schott Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia are the most common central nervous system disorders that cause progressive neurocognitive dysfunction and ultimately dementia. A number of biomarkers for pathologies reflecting each condition have been developed. Here, we review these and give an overview of the current state of practice and research regarding cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for these disorders. The chapter discusses bot...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 5 Multiple sclerosis, and other demyelinating and autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): Clara Matute-Blanch, Xavier Montalban, Manuel Comabella Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a substantial degree of heterogeneity in relation to clinical manifestations, disease course, radiologic findings, histopathologic characteristics of brain lesions, and response to treatment. In this scenario, there is a strong need in MS for biomarkers that reliably capture these diverse aspects of disease heterogeneity and assist, for instance, in disease diagnosis and stratification, in the prediction of disease course, or in the iden...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 4 Dosing, collection, and quality control issues in cerebrospinal fluid research using animal models
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): Donna M. Barten, Gregory W. Cadelina, Michael R. Weed Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex fluid filling the ventricular system and surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Although the bulk of CSF is created by the choroid plexus, a significant fraction derives from the interstitial fluid in the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. For this reason, CSF can often be used as a source of pharmacodynamic and prognostic biomarkers to reflect biochemical changes occurring within the brain. For instance, CSF biomarkers can be used to diagnose a...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 3 More than a drainage fluid: the role of CSF in signaling in the brain and other effects on brain tissue
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): Sebastian Illes Current progress in neuroscience demonstrates that the brain is not an isolated organ and is influenced by the systemic environment and extracerebral processes within the body. In view of this new concept, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important body fluids linking extracerebral and intracerebral processes. For decades, substantial evidence has been accumulated indicating that CSF modulates brain states and influences behavior as well as cognition. This chapter provides an overview of how CSF directly modulates ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 2 The cerebrospinal fluid and barriers – anatomic and physiologic considerations
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): Hayrettin Tumani, André Huss, Franziska Bachhuber The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space consists of the intracerebral ventricles, subarachnoid spaces of the spine and brain (e.g., cisterns and sulci), and the central spinal cord canal. The CSF protects the central nervous system (CNS) in different ways involving metabolic homeostasis, supply of nutrients, functioning as lymphatic system, and regulation of intracranial pressure. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, brain interstitium, and meninges, and it circulates in a craniocaudal d...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 1 The use of cerebrospinal fluid in biomarker studies
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 146 Author(s): C.E. Teunissen, C. Verheul, E.A.J. Willemse Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an extremely useful matrix for biomarker research for several purposes, such as diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and identification of prominent leads in pathways of neurologic diseases. Such biomarkers can be identified based on a priori hypotheses around prominent protein changes, but also by applying -omics technologies. Proteomics is widely used, but metabolomics and transcriptomics are rapidly revealing their potential for CSF studies. The basis of such stud...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 28, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 37 Overview of neuroradiology
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 145 Author(s): Elna-Marie Larsson, Johan Wikström Neuroradiology with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for the initial evaluation of patients with a clinical suspicion of brain and spine disorders. Morphologic imaging is required to obtain a probable diagnosis to support the treatment decisions in pre- and perinatal disorders, vascular diseases, traumatic injuries, metabolic disorders, epilepsy, infection/inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, degenerative spinal disease, and tumors of the central nervous...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 4, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 36 Comorbidities
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 145 Author(s): Irina Alafuzoff, Gabor G. Kovacs The term comorbidities or mixed pathologies is used when brain tissue, a surgical sample, or postmortem brain displays a mixture of protein alterations or other pathologies. Most of the alterations when seen in sufficient extent are considered causative, are related to a certain clinical phenotype, i.e., when hyperphosphorylated τ (HPτ) is observed in occipital cortex concomitant with β-amyloid (Aβ), the diagnosis is Alzheimer disease (AD). When HPτ is observed in hippocampal structures in a subject...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 4, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 35 Overview of cerebrospinal fluid cytology
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 145 Author(s): Jasmin Rahimi, Adelheid Woehrer Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology, i.e., the cytologic evaluation of its cellular composition, forms an integral part of the neurologist's armamentarium. Total and differential cell counts provide important first information across a spectrum of pathologic conditions involving the central nervous system and its coverings. CSF samples require immediate processing, ideally within 1 hour from collection. Upon centrifugation cytology is commonly assessed on May–Grunwald–Giemsa stains. Several additional ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 4, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 34 Brain tumors – other treatment modalities
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 145 Author(s): Andreas Peyrl, Josa Frischer, Johannes A. Hainfellner, Matthias Preusser, Karin Dieckmann, Christine Marosi Management of tumors of the central nervous system is challenging for clinicians for various reasons, including complex diagnostic procedures, limited penetration of drugs into brain tissue, and the prerequisite to preserve brain function in any case of therapeutic intervention. Therapeutic success is dependent on the efforts, skills, and cooperation of involved specialists and disciplines. Knowledge and ability to apply adequ...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 4, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chapter 33 Bioimaging and surgery of brain tumors
Publication date: 2017 Source:Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 145 Author(s): Georg Widhalm, Tatjana Traub-Weidinger, Johannes A. Hainfellner, Michal Bienkowski, Stefan Wolfsberger, Thomas Czech Bioimaging of brain tumors using nuclear medicine techniques complements computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thus allowing more accurate diagnosis in clinically ambiguous situations. Special tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) have been developed which allow monitoring and planning of therapy. PET data may provide also presurgical evidence with regard to the presence of clinically...
Source: Handbook of Clinical Neurology - October 4, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
