Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology 
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This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.An Approach to the Evaluation of Berries for Cancer Prevention with Emphasis on Esophageal Cancer
Our laboratory has f cancer prevention using freeze-dried berries, mainly black raspberries, for more than two decades. Berries contain many known agents with chemopreventive potential including certain vitamins, minerals, simple and complex polyphenols, phytosterols, and various fiber constituents. Because berries are approximately 80–90 % water, the freeze-drying process concentrates these bioactive constituents approximately tenfold. This chapter describes methods we use to harvest the berries, grind them into a powder, and determine the nutrient, chemical, and microbial content of the powder before use in both pr...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - November 27, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Methods to Analyze Chemopreventive Effect of Silibinin on Prostate Cancer Biomarkers Protein Expression
Prostate cancer is now diagnosed mostly at an early stage, and therefore, chemopreventive strategies could be useful to prevent further progression of the disease and to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to this malignancy. Here, we have described methods (immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry) that could be employed to screen and validate the effect of chemopreventive agents on the protein expression of various cancer-related biomarkers for proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. As an example, we have discussed chemopreventive efficacy of silibinin against prostate cancer as we...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - November 27, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Nrf2-Target Approaches in Cancer Chemoprevention Mediated by Dietary Phytochemicals
Cancer chemoprevention with natural phytochemical compounds is an emerging strategy to prevent, impede, delay, or cure cancer. This chapter reviews the basic methods used to study the cancer chemopreventive potential of dietary phytochemicals acting by activating the transcriptional factor, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2 or NFE2L2), a basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor that regulates the expression of many phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes. The Nrf2-target approaches in cancer chemoprevention comprise different methods including examining the Nrf2 signaling pathway, Nrf2-defic...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - November 27, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Common Methods Used for the Discovery of Natural Anticancer Compounds
Carcinogenesis is a long-term, multifactorial, and multistep process. Dietary phytochemicals can play a significant role in cancer prevention. In this chapter, we describe common protocols to study the role of phytochemicals in chemoprevention and divide the protocols into two types. In the first part of the chapter, the methods including cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis assays are related to the analysis of the effect of a compound on cellular phenotype. In the second part, the methods focus on the discovery of molecular targets and mechanisms for chemopreventive and therapeutic compounds, and include de...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - November 27, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Combining Computational and Experimental Methods for Identifying Molecular Targets of Phytochemicals
Targeting specific and multiple cancer genes, signaling proteins, and transcription factors to prevent cancer is now considered to be the most effective means to prevent cancer. Proteins that bind to a specific DNA gene sequence and act to initiate transcription of the distinct protein gene product are referred to as transcription factors. Transcription factors such as activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), p53, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein have been shown to play a critical role in carcinogenesis and all are regulated by the mitogen-...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - November 27, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Designing the Chemoprevention Trials of Tomorrow: Applying Lessons Learned from Past Definitive Trials
Chemoprevention represents an important part of cancer medicine’s future. The identification of chemopreventive agents holds tremendous promise for reducing the burden of cancer. Currently, 13 agents are FDA approved for the treatment of precancerous lesions or to reduce the risk of invasive cancer. The identification and availability of safe and effective chemopreventive agents rely upon their rigorous evaluation in phase I–IV clinical trials. Five critical elements must be considered in the design and conduct of any clinical trial: (a) agent or intervention to be tested for its ability to suppress the inciden...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - November 27, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Imaging Tools in Discovery and Development of Phytochemical Chemopreventive Agents
This is an exciting era in the development and cross-disciplinary use of new imaging technologies, including single-photon and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy; second- and third-harmonic generation imaging; coherent anti-Raman stokes imaging (CARS); and live-cell, whole-mouse, hyperspectral, and super-resolution microscopy. These imaging technologies provide invaluable tools for developing and validating phytochemical-derived drug discovery and parsing out the molecular mechanisms by which these natural compounds can modulate distinct target proteins involved in oncogenic signaling. This chapter provides detailed ste...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - November 27, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Quantitation of Acetaldehyde-DNA Adducts: Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption
DNA adduct measurements provide valuable information about DNA damage associated with exposure to specific genotoxicants. N
2-Ethylidene-dGuo, the major DNA adduct formed upon reaction of acetaldehyde with DNA, has been used to investigate mechanisms of alcohol carcinogenesis focusing on the effects of acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol. N
2-Ethylidene-dGuo is stable in DNA, but it easily degrades when released as a nucleoside. A liquid-chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry-selected reaction monitoring (LC-ESI-MS/MS-SRM) method for the analysis of N2-Ethyli...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - November 27, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
The Ex Vivo Use of Keratinocytes from Adult Mice to Define Stem Cell Activities in Cancer Research
Primary keratinocytes are harvested from the dorsal skin of 7-week-old mice. Euthanized mice are clipped and cleaned with serial washes in povidone iodine and ethanol solutions. The dorsal skin is removed and treated with a mild 32 °C trypsinization to detach the dermis from the epidermis. Keratinocytes harvested by this method can be used for molecular biology, biochemistry, or numerous ex vivo procedures relevant to cancer research such as clonal culture or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS, a type of flow cytometry, is a quantitative means of sorting cell mixtures using diameter, fluorescent dye, and ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - November 27, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Evidence Based Drug Dosing and Pharmacotherapeutic Recommendations per Genotype
Implementing pharmacogenetics in daily clinical practice has the potential to improve patient care. The translation of results of pharmacogenetic studies into practical pharmacotherapeutic recommendations is essential. These recommendations are preferably available at the time of drug prescribing and drug dispensing. This chapter describes a process of developing evidence based drug dosing and pharmacotherapeutic guidelines per genotype by the Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group. It is aimed to provide recommendations in case drugs are prescribed to a patient whose genotype is known. Furthermore, several examples are give...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - July 8, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Development of Predictive Models for Estimating Warfarin Maintenance Dose Based on Genetic and Clinical Factors
In this chapter, we use calculation of estimated warfarin maintenance dosage as an example to illustrate how to develop a multiple linear regression model to quantify the relationship between several independent variables (e.g., patients’ genotype information) and a dependent variable (e.g., measureable clinical outcome). (Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - July 8, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
Genetic Databases in Pharmacogenomics: The Frequency of Inherited Disorders Database (FINDbase)
Pharmacogenomics studies how the variations of the individuals’ genetic makeup are correlated with a person’s response to certain drugs in relation to the therapeutic efficiency, clinical outcome, or even survival, and how they affect drug metabolism, transport, or clearance. Yet, since the incidence of these polymorphisms, being either single-point variations or small insertions/deletions, varies among different populations, a systematic collection and documentation of these variations is warranted, in order to facilitate implementation of pharmacogenomics in different populations. Here we review the existing ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - July 8, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
PharmGKB: The Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base
The Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base, PharmGKB, is an interactive tool for researchers investigating how genetic variation affects drug response. The PharmGKB Web site,
http://www.pharmgkb.org
, displays genotype, molecular, and clinical knowledge integrated into pathway representations and Very Important Pharmacogene (VIP) summaries with links to additional external resources. Users can search and browse the knowledgebase by genes, variants, drugs, diseases, and pathways. Registration is free to the entire research community, but subject to agreement to use for research...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - July 8, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
A Guide to the Current Web-Based Resources in Pharmacogenomics
Human genomics research has produced vast amounts of data that can be applied to or used to inform pharmacogenomic studies. The Internet is an extremely useful resource for pharmacogenomics as many Web sites provide access to data from genomic and clinical studies or host tools which can be used to interpret findings or generate hypotheses. Human genetic variation can now easily be explored or visualized through genome browsers and Web-based repositories which store the details of millions of human germ-line and somatic genetic variants. Gene expression data from many different tissue and cell types are available through W...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - July 8, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
The Hydrodynamic Tail Vein Assay as a Tool for the Study of Liver Promoters and Enhancers
The hydrodynamic tail vein injection is a technique that is used to deliver nucleic acids into live mice. Delivery through this method results in the in vivo transfection of foreign DNA primarily in the liver. Here, we describe the use of this technique to test for regulatory activity of liver promoters and enhancers, using a dual luciferase reporter system as the readable/measureable output and how this application can be used for pharmacogenomic studies. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Pharmacology/Toxicology - July 8, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: news
