Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience 
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This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Clinical Applications: Diagnostics
Since its introduction in 1985, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a powerful tool for research as a noninvasive and painless technique to effectively stimulate the human cortex. Over the years, TMS has proven useful not only for the assessment of motor cortex physiology but also for the diagnosis and prognosis of many neurological disorders involving the corticospinal tract. In this chapter, we explore the theoretical and practical considerations of several key diagnostic protocols, including those used to asses motor cortical and corticospinal layout, excitability, and functional integrity. In addition, w...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Clinical Applications: Therapeutics
The number and type of neuropsychiatric conditions being treated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is ever increasing. In addition, the parameters utilized to treat these conditions are ever evolving. In this chapter, we explore the evidence concerning the efficacy of TMS to treat a number of psychiatric and physiological conditions: including depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, post traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, tinnitus, stroke, and Parkinson’s disease. In addition, we outline the most commonly utilized protocols and parameters to treat each of the above conditions. (Source...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Electroencephalography During Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Current Modus Operandi
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a widely used research and clinical device that has the potential to modulate and interact with brain activity. However, its mechanisms of action, whether used to explore brain functions in healthy participants or to induce meaningful therapeutic effects in patients, are still not fully understood. One method allowing bridging the gap between TMS administration and its behavioral consequences is the simultaneous recording of brain activity with electroencephalography (EEG). Unfortunately, the acquisition and interpretation of EEG data during TMS is still not straightforward becaus...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation and neuromodulation technique widely used in systems neurophysiology, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychiatry. Unlike other neuroimaging modalities, it is interventional and therefore able to establish causal relationships between brain activity and behavior. Despite the many advantages of independent TMS studies to demonstrate causal influence of brain areas on cognitive tasks, these studies assume TMS modulation of cortex underneath the coil but do not obtain any neurobiological measures. Multimodal approaches that combine TMS with neuroimagin...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
State-Dependent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Protocols
In this chapter we describe a novel approach which enhances the functional resolution of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to a level that allows for differential stimulation of functionally distinct neuronal populations within a cortical area. It is based on the well-known principle of state-dependency: a phenomenon whereby the response of a system to an external stimulus is affected not only by the properties of that stimulus but also by the internal state of the system. With regard to TMS, the neural impact of an applied pulse is determined not only by the stimulation parameters but also by the initial activation ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Offline and Online “Virtual Lesion” Protocols
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can be used to transiently disrupt the function of specified cortical targets. If this disruption is generated prior to the onset of a critical regional function, a suppression or arrest of the said function may result. This method of using TMS to disrupt functions has been dubbed the “virtual lesion” approach. In this chapter, we explore both the mechanistic and functional foundations of this novel technique. After briefly discussing the history and development of this paradigm, we outline practical applications of the “virtual lesion” in clinical, cognitive,...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Protocols
Repetitive TMS (rTMS) refers to a train of TMS pulses delivered over a single cortical region. Unlike single or paired pulses, rTMS is capable of inducing long-term effects—either facilitative or suppressive—that outlast the stimulation period. Parameters such as frequency and intertrain interval can influence the direction (facilitation versus suppression) of the effect. rTMS protocols have been developed both to study the brain and as a therapeutic intervention for neurological and psychological disorders. rTMS is considered to be generally safe in healthy individuals, however, adverse side effects have been ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Protocols
Transcranial magnetic stimulation applied in a paired-pulse sequence (ppTMS) provides a noninvasive method to evaluate the excitability of corticocortical connections. It is most commonly used to interrogate motor cortical pathways, but literature has also demonstrated its applicability in non-motor cortical regions. Commonly used protocols include short-interval intracortical inhibition, long-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, and short-interval intracortical facilitation. The similarities among these protocols allow for the implementation of multiple measures within a given study. This provide...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Protocols and Outcome Measures
We describe the neurobiological mechanisms and brain circuitries that each protocol examines, and provide a step-by-step guideline for conducting each protocol. Finally, we provide an overview of the application of single pulse TMS protocols in basic and cognitive neuroscience, and clinical investigations. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Reaching Deep Brain Structures: The H-Coils
The capacity of standard transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to elicit neuronal responses is limited to superficial structures. The deep TMS technology enables direct stimulation of deeper and larger brain volumes, potentially affecting extensive neuronal pathways including deeper cortical regions and fibers targeting subcortical regions, without a significant increase of the electric field induced in superficial cortical layers. This chapter includes theoretical background and design principles of deep TMS H-coils, comparison of standard TMS and deep TMS coils electric field profiles, as well as description and maps o...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Neuronavigation for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
In order to ensure successful application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), practitioners must be certain that they are targeting the correct cortical location. To aid in this, a number of clinicians and practitioners have begun utilizing various neuronavigation systems to track coil and participant-head position in space for the duration of a stimulation session. In this chapter, I explore the history of neuronavigation and the developments that made combining this technology with TMS possible. Following this, I discuss the practical aspects of properly utilizing a neuronavigation system: including MRI acquisiti...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Safety Considerations and Recommendations
Ensuring patient and participant safety during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is of paramount importance. In this chapter, we begin by exploring a number of general safety concerns and the prevalence of reported side-effects in the TMS literature. Next, we outline contraindications and the recommended safety parameters for each of the major stimulation paradigms (including single and repetitive pulse patterns). Finally, we offer several practical tips to ensure TMS is delivered in the safest and most ethical manner. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
The Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Device and Foundational Techniques
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique that is constantly evolving. Today, not only are there a number of technical options to consider, but also a number of methodological and experimental options. In this chapter, we supply a comprehensive overview of these many considerations. We first examine the physical and hardware foundations of TMS (including electromagnetic induction, stimulator characteristics, and coil variations). Following this, we briefly outline the most utilized and efficacious stimulation paradigms (including varied single and repetitive pulse patterns). Finally, we offer several practical...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 22, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Cerebral Monitoring and Surveillance Using High-Resolution Functional Optical Imaging
Near-infrared (NIR) optical techniques, using large-area sensing arrays that provide for transcranial measures of cortical function, are finding increasing use for functional assessment of brain activity. In this chapter, we review current capabilities of these methodologies and describe their application to an in vivo large animal model, Bonnet macaque, for the purpose of imaging hemodynamic responses to clinically significant events, including detection of cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage. The described methodology outlines the technology and method of high-density diffuse optical tomography (DOT), as explored using rece...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 6, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
Cerebral Blood Flow Imaging with Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging
Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a technique for dynamic visualization of blood flow on tissue surfaces. LSCI produces images of blood flow in real-time using very simple instrumentation without the need for exogenous contrast agents, and has been widely used both in pre-clinical studies of neurological disease as well as clinical applications for monitoring of perfusion. One of the limitations of LSCI is the challenge of obtaining quantitative blood flow information. An extension to LSCI called multi-exposure speckle imaging (MESI) overcomes some of these limitations and enables repeated blood flow measurements to...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - May 6, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news
