Auditory Evoked M100 Response Latency is Delayed in Children with 16p11.2 Deletion but not 16p11.2 Duplication
Individuals with the 16p11.2 BP4–BP5 copy number variant (CNV) exhibit a range of behavioral phenotypes that may include mild impairment in cognition and clinical diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To better understand auditory processing impairments in populations with this chromosomal variation, auditory evoked responses were examined in children with the 16p11.2 deletion, 16p11.2 duplication, and age-matched controls. Stimuli consisted of sinusoidal binaural tones presented passively while children underwent recording with magnetoencephalography (MEG). The primary indicator of auditory processing impairm...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Jenkins, J., Chow, V., Blaskey, L., Kuschner, E., Qasmieh, S., Gaetz, L., Edgar, J. C., Mukherjee, P., Buckner, R., Nagarajan, S. S., Chung, W. K., Spiro, J. E., Sherr, E. H., Berman, J. I., Roberts, T. P. L. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Mechanisms of Functional Hypoconnectivity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Mecp2 Null Mice
Frontal cortical dysfunction is thought to contribute to cognitive and behavioral features of autism spectrum disorders; however, underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study sought to define how loss of Mecp2, the gene mutated in Rett syndrome (RTT), disrupts function in the murine medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using acute brain slices and behavioral testing. Compared with wildtype, pyramidal neurons in the Mecp2 null mPFC exhibit significant reductions in excitatory postsynaptic currents, the duration of excitatory UP-states, evoked population activity, and the ratio of NMDA:AMPA currents, as well as ...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Sceniak, M. P., Lang, M., Enomoto, A. C., James Howell, C., Hermes, D. J., Katz, D. M. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Changes in Effective Connectivity Between Dorsal and Ventral Prefrontal Regions Moderate Emotion Regulation
Reappraisal, the cognitive reevaluation of a potentially emotionally arousing event, has been proposed to be based upon top-down appraisal systems within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). It still remains unclear, however, how different prefrontal regions interact to control and regulate emotional responses. We used fMRI and dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to characterize the functional interrelationships among dorsal and ventral PFC regions involved in reappraisal. Specifically, we examined the effective connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), and other reappraisal-related regions (supple...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Morawetz, C., Bode, S., Baudewig, J., Kirilina, E., Heekeren, H. R. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
The Brain Basis of Positive and Negative Affect: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of the Human Neuroimaging Literature
The ability to experience pleasant or unpleasant feelings or to represent objects as "positive" or "negative" is known as representing hedonic "valence." Although scientists overwhelmingly agree that valence is a basic psychological phenomenon, debate continues about how to best conceptualize it scientifically. We used a meta-analysis of 397 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography studies (containing 914 experimental contrasts and 6827 participants) to test 3 competing hypotheses about the brain basis of valence: the bipolarity hypothesis that positive and negative affect are supported...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Lindquist, K. A., Satpute, A. B., Wager, T. D., Weber, J., Barrett, L. F. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
From Parts to Identity: Invariance and Sensitivity of Face Representations to Different Face Halves
Recognizing the identity of a face is computationally challenging, because it requires distinguishing between similar images depicting different people, while recognizing even very different images depicting a same person. Previous human fMRI studies investigated representations of face identity in the presence of changes in viewpoint and in expression. Despite the importance of holistic processing for face recognition, an investigation of representations of face identity across different face parts is missing. To fill this gap, we investigated representations of face identity and their invariance across different face hal...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Anzellotti, S., Caramazza, A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Electrophysiological Evidence for Impaired Control of Motor Output in Schizophrenia
Previous research has demonstrated pervasive deficits in response-related processing in people with schizophrenia (PSZ). The present study used behavioral measures and event-related potentials (ERPs) to test the hypothesis that schizophrenia involves specific impairment in the ability to exert control over response-related processing. Twenty-two PSZ and 22 matched control participants completed a choice response task in counterbalanced testing sessions that emphasized only accuracy (the unspeeded condition) or emphasized speed and accuracy equally (the speeded condition). Control participants successfully modulated behavio...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Kappenman, E. S., Luck, S. J., Kring, A. M., Lesh, T. A., Mangun, G. R., Niendam, T., Ragland, J. D., Ranganath, C., Solomon, M., Swaab, T. Y., Carter, C. S. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Motor Cortex Reorganization and Impaired Function in the Transition to Sustained Muscle Pain
Primary motor cortical (M1) adaptation has not been investigated in the transition to sustained muscle pain. Daily injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) induces hyperalgesia reminiscent of musculoskeletal pain and provides a novel model to study M1 in response to progressively developing muscle soreness. Twelve healthy individuals were injected with NGF into right extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) on Days 0 and 2 and with hypertonic saline on Day 4. Quantitative sensory and motor testing and assessment of M1 organization and function using transcranial magnetic stimulation were performed prior to injection on Days 0, ...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Schabrun, S. M., Christensen, S. W., Mrachacz-Kersting, N., Graven-Nielsen, T. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Triggering Different Brain States Using Asynchronous Serial Communication to the Rat Amygdala
Inputting information to the brain through direct electrical microstimulation must consider how underlying neural networks encode information. One unexplored possibility is that a single electrode delivering temporally coded stimuli, mimicking an asynchronous serial communication port to the brain, can trigger the emergence of different brain states. This work used a discriminative fear-conditioning paradigm in rodents in which 2 temporally coded microstimulation patterns were targeted at the amygdaloid complex. Each stimulus was a binary-coded "word" made up of 10 ms bins, with 1's representing a single pulse stimulus: A-...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Mourao, F. A. G., Lockmann, A. L. V., Castro, G. P., de Castro Medeiros, D., Reis, M. P., Pereira, G. S., Massensini, A. R., Moraes, M. F. D. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Action-Based Learning of Multistate Objects in the Medial Temporal Lobe
Actions constrain perception by changing the appearance of objects in the environment. As such, they provide an interactive basis for learning the structure of visual input. If an action systematically transforms one stimulus into another, then these stimuli are more likely to reflect different states of the same persisting object over time. Here we show that such multistate objects are represented in the human medial temporal lobe—the result of a mechanism in which actions influence associative learning of how objects transition between states. We further demonstrate that greater recruitment of these action-based re...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Hindy, N. C., Turk-Browne, N. B. Tags: Feature Article Source Type: research
Contents Page
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Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Tags: Cover/Standing Material Source Type: research
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Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Tags: Cover/Standing Material Source Type: research
Editorial Board
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Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Tags: Cover/Standing Material Source Type: research
Cover Page
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Source: Cerebral Cortex - April 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Tags: Cover/Standing Material Source Type: research
Acknowledgement
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Source: Cerebral Cortex - March 10, 2016 Category: Neurology Tags: Acknowledgement Source Type: research
Selective Frontoinsular von Economo Neuron and Fork Cell Loss in Early Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia
(Source: Cerebral Cortex)
Source: Cerebral Cortex - March 10, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Kim, E.-J., Sidhu, M., Gaus, S. E., Huang, E. J., Hof, P. R., Miller, B. L., DeArmond, S. J., Seeley, W. W. Tags: Corrigendum Source Type: research
