Biatrial Enlargement on Chest X-Ray PA View
Transcript of the video: Chest X-ray PA view. You can see that there is straightening of left border. Normally, the main pulmonary artery segment will be concave and left atrial appendage region also will be not prominent. Here both have enlarged slightly, but not enough to produce gross bulges. So that is why we see straightening of left border, typically heard of in mitral stenosis with left atrial enlargement and mild pulmonary hypertension. When there is gross pulmonary hypertension, instead of these being straight over here, it will form a bulge over here. And when there is gross enlargement of left atrial appendage, ...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 21, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
TIMI Thrombus Grade
Transcript of the video: TIMI Thrombus Grade is useful for quantification of thrombus which is detected angiographically, mainly for study purposes, but also for day to day use. There are six grades, starting from grade 0 to grade 5. Grade 0 is no thrombus, while grade 5 is total occlusion of the vessel due to thrombus formation.
These are the grade, TIMI grades, named after the landmark Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction trial. Grade 0, no angiographic evidence of thrombus. Grade 1, possible thrombus present, grade 2, small thrombus, grade 3, moderate thrombus, grade 4, large sized thrombus and grade 5, total occlusion...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 21, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty
Transcript of the video: Conventional balloon angioplasty enlarges the vessel a bit as well as plasters the plaque on to the vessel wall, while laser angioplasty is a new technique, also known as laser atherectomy, in which excimer laser, which is a monochromatic source of light, is used to vaporize the plaque or thrombus by producing heat and shock waves. The most important advantage of laser angioplasty or excimer laser angioplasty, is that you need only a standard guidwire, 0.014 inch standard guide wire, unlike the other atherectomy devices which require a bulkier guidewire.
Diagrammatic representation of laser angiopl...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 21, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Evaluation of JVP
Transcript of the video: Now we will discuss the basic principles of evaluation of jugular venous pressure and jugular venous pulse. These are assessed in the internal jugular vein and not in the external jugular vein. To revise the anatomy lessons, this is the external jugular vein and this is the internal jugular vein. Now, why we should not be looking at external jugual vein, though it is much easier to find out is that, in lower portion, it may be kinked so that it may not reflect the true right atrial pressure. The whole purpose of assessing the jugular venous pressure and pulse is that it reflects the right atrial pr...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 21, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Pigtail Catheter and Modifications
Transcript of the video: Pigtail catheter, as the name implies, has a curve at its tip, resembling the tail of the pig. Typically it is a left heart cathter, used for angiography, but there are other uses as well. There are several modifications of pigtail catheter, also used sometimes. Other than angiography, pigtail catheter is used in cardiology for drainage of pericardial effusion. Similar shaped catheters are used for drainage of pneumothorax, pleural effusion and ascites. Even for nephrostomy, a similar catheter is used. But it is of higer diameter, unlike the cardiology pigtail catheter.
This is the curved region of...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 20, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Assessment of Right Atrial Pressure From IVC Dimensions by Echocardiography
Assessment of inferior vena caval dimensions by echocardiography is very useful in knowing the volume status of the individual and indirectly assessing the right atrial pressure. When the IVC is collapsed, that means right atrial pressure is low and person is likely to be hypovolemic. Especially in a person with hypotension this is very important in guiding fluid management. On the other way round, when the IVC is enlarged, or rather plethoric, then you know right atrial pressure is high and even if there is hypotension, you cannot give much fluid to such a case. So this is the importance of assessing IVC, which we will se...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 19, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Single Frame Echo Quiz
Transcript of the video:Â Interpreting an echo quiz just from a single frame has a lot of limitations. But, still for an academic exercise, we will try. Unlike the ECG, where a single image may be more informative, echo usually requires moving images. And moreover, even ECG requires a knowledge of the clinical background before interpretation, to avoid errors. Similarly, for echocardiogram, what we would do usually is, first we do a clinical history evaluation, then physical examination, and after that only we proceed with echocardiography in our routine work. But for an academic curiosity, we will just try to interpret an...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 18, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
X-Ray Chest PA View in Severe PAH
Transcript of the video: Here is an X-ray chest PA view. The striking finding is the huge enlargement of the right pulmonary artery, almost aneurysmal dilatation of right pulmonary artery. Main pulmonary artery is also grossly dilated. And you can see left pulmonary artery shadow and rest of it is not seen here. It will be behind the main pulmonary artery shadow, because left pulmonary artery descends behind the main pulmonary artery and it will be a retrocardiac shadow. It is not visible here. This is the aortic knuckle. And you are seeing some end on views probably. This could be an end on view. This also could be, but y...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 18, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
What is the meaning of 10% gradient on treadmill?
Transcript of the video: A question that is often asked is, what is the meaning of 10% gradient in a treadmill test? Usually, in the first stage of Bruce protocol, of treadmill test, there is a 10% gradient in stage 1. That means, if the treadmill length is 150 centimeters, the front end is elevated, about 15 cm from the ground, so that this produces a slope. So 15 cm elevation for a 150 cm treadmill will give a 10% gradient. This is what happens in stage 1 of standard Bruce protocol. In modified Bruce protocol, there is no gradient in stage 1, so that the treadmill will be horizontal. In stage 2, 5% gradient is given and ...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 18, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Electrophysiology Catheters and EP Tracing in Ventricular Pacing
Transcript of the video: Just before discussing about an electrophysiology tracing in ventricular pacing, we will have a look at how the electrodes are placed. This is the left anterior oblique view and right anterior oblique view on fluoroscopy. Multiple catheters can be seen here. Those marked by yellow arrows are not catheters, they are the surface electrodes on the chest, pasted over the chest using usual dot snappers. And, intracardiac electrodes this one is coming from above. It is introduced through the jugular vein, into the coronary sinus. It is a decapolar catheter, meaning 10 poles are there. The poles are numbe...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 18, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
ECG Quiz, Focusing Mainly on Rhythm
Here is the transcript of the video: Now we will have an ECG, focusing mainly on the rhythm analysis. That is what we are going to see. Clinical history is currently not available, let us see, what we can make out from the ECG.
If you have a look at this ECG, sometimes, in this region, you may pass off it as just a low normal heart rate with nothing else. But careful analysis in this region will easily tell you that, this is one P wave with a fairly normal PR interval. But you have another P wave here, which is not conducted. So, for two P waves, you have one QRS. You might be tempted to think that this is 2:1 AV block. Th...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 18, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Why is an Implantable Defibrillator NOT Useful Soon After Myocardial Infarction?
Here is the transcript of the video: Implantable defibrillator is an important life saving device. It can automatically detect life threatening ventricular arrhythmias and treat them, either with a shock or, sometimes by overdrive pacing. Then, why is it mentioned that, implanting a defibrillator soon after an acute myocardial infarction, in those with left ventricular dysfunction and prone for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, is not useful?
This a representative image, showing the implanted defibrillator, and two shock coils, one in the superior vena cava and another in the right ventricle. These are high...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 18, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Micro and Nanoplastics and Cardiovascular Events – Recent Study
Use of plastics in daily life is currently on the increase and it is a well known pollutant in our water bodies like rivers, ponds, lakes and ocean. Plastics can be degraded into microplastics which are smaller than 5 mm and nanoplastics which are smaller than 1000 nanometer [1]. Microplastics and nanoparticles can trigger toxicologic effects in the body [2]. Both microplastics and nanoplastics can enter our body through ingestion, inhalation and even by topical exposure on the skin. According to a webpage from United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), microbeads which are a type of microplastic...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 8, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Echocardiogram in Rheumatic Mitral and Aortic Regurgitation
Transcript of the video: This is an apical five chamber view and this is an apical four chamber view. You can see four chambers – RV, LV, RA, LA, and the transducer location is here. And this is five chamber because, in addition you are seeing the aorta also. Right atrium has not been labelled. In this view, you can see that mitral leaflets are thickened.
This is anterior mitral leaflet, thickened, and in the closed position of mitral valve, when there should be no flow to the left atrium, you are seeing a jet, a mosaic jet, which has been traced out. Multi-coloured jet due to high velocity and turbulence. That is wh...
Source: Cardiophile MD - March 6, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
Higher Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Atrial Fibrillation Noted After Spinal Cord Injury
There are several factors which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in survivors of spinal cord injury. They have a greater prevalence of obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Energy expenditure is lesser both due to lack of motor function and lack of opportunities to engage in physical activity. Autonomic dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury is associated with abnormalities in blood pressure, heart rate variability, arrhythmias and blunted cardiovascular response to exercise which can limit the capacity to perform physical activity [1].
A recent large study from Korea compared over 5...
Source: Cardiophile MD - February 27, 2024 Category: Cardiology Authors: Johnson Francis Tags: General Cardiology Source Type: blogs
