Molecular footprints of muscle-invasive bladder cancer in smoking and nonsmoking patients

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States and occurs in men more frequently than in women [1]. About 70% of bladder cancers are nonmuscle invasive, while the remaining patients have muscle invasive (MIBC) or metastatic tumors, with significantly reduced survival [2,3]. Smoking is recognized as the most important risk factor for bladder cancer, and smokers are 4 to 7 times more likely to develop bladder cancer than nonsmokers [4 –6]. Tobacco consumption may increase the risk of bladder cancer because of the accumulation of tobacco-derived chemicals in the urine, which in turn cause DNA damage in the urothelium [6,7].
Source: Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations - Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Tags: Seminars Article Source Type: research