The overlooked primary: bladder cancer metastases on dry bone. A study of the 20th century CAL Milano Cemetery Skeletal Collection

ConclusionsBladder carcinoma metastases were mostly mixed, exhibiting periosteal reactions, perforations of bone cortex, spongiosclerosis and coalescing porosity.SignificanceBladder carcinoma is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of the primary organ. This study reports the macroscopic aspect of bone metastases in bladder carcinoma and may help anthropologists diagnose the condition in skeletons.LimitationsAbsence of evidence is not evidence of absence; some lesions may have been hidden from macroscopic observation and therefore missed.Further researchRadiographic analysis and comparison with other neoplasms should provide additional details for the diagnosis of bladder cancer bone metastases.
Source: International Journal of Paleopathology - Category: Pathology Source Type: research