Persistent depressive disorder has long-term negative impacts on depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms at 10-year follow-up among patients with major depressive disorder

There are several types of chronic depression, including dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD) superimposed on antecedent dysthymia (double depression), chronic major depression, and recurrent major depression with incomplete remission during episodes (Klein,  2010). In the DSM-V, persistent depressive disorder (PDD) includes these types of chronic depression (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Chronic depression has a negative impact on the prognosis of depression and increases the burden of depression, such as increased psychiatric comorbiditi es and suicide attempts (Hölzel et al., 2011; Klein and Kotov, 2016; Kriston et al., 2010), resistance to treatments (Cuijpers et al., 2017), residual impairment in social function (Hellerstein et al., 2017), and increased usage of health care services (Kriston et al., 2010).
Source: Journal of Affective Disorders - Category: Neurology Authors: Source Type: research