Effectiveness of adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing peri-implant inflammatory response in individuals vaping electronic cigarettes: A randomized controlled clinical trial

It is well-documented that cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for peri-implant diseases [1,2]. Habitual cigarette smoking has been associated with altered chemotactic and phagocytic functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and provokes a pro-inflammatory effect by stimulating the secretion of cytokines and reactive oxygen species that directly cause deterioration of peri-implant support [3]. Furthermore, toxins present in cigarette smoke undermine the peri-implant bone healing process [4].
Source: Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy - Category: Laser Surgery Authors: Source Type: research