Non-PCI/CABG Therapies for Refractory Angina

Angina persists for many patients despite modern medical therapy and/or revascularization, and this is referred to as refractory angina. All patients with refractory angina must be treated with aggressive risk factor modification plus optimized medical management. β-blockers and nitrates are usually first-line agents; however most patients require multiple medications for refractory symptom control. Novel agents, such as ranolazine and ivabradine, as well as non-pharmacologic therapies, such as enhanced external counterpulsation and cardiac rehabilitation, m ay provide relief or reduction of angina.
Source: Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine - Category: Cardiology Authors: Source Type: research