Relationship between epigenetic regulation, dietary habits, and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease theory

Abstract Environmental stressors during developmental stages are hypothesized to increase the risk of developing metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and psychiatric diseases during later life. This theory is known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Recent studies suggest that accumulation of environmental stress, including during developmental stages, is internalized as acquired information designated as “epigenetic memory.” This epigenetic memory is generally indicated as DNA methylation and histone modifications in the chromatin. In general, the demethylation of CpG islands induces histone acetylation and associated changes from heterochromatin to euchromatin, and enhances transcriptional activation. These changes are induced by the binding of transcriptional factors to cis‐elements located on promoter and enhancer regions and the associated binding of histone acetyl‐transferase and the transcription initiation complex. Recent studies have demonstrated novel epigenetic modifications that regulate transcription elongation steps by activating histone acetylation and bromodomain‐containing protein 4, which contains two bromodomains to bind acetylated histones, on the gene body (transcribed region). Gene expression alterations induced by carbohydrate signals and by changes to energy balance in the body are regulated by this model. In addition, induction of many metabolic genes, which are induced or reduced in adu...
Source: Congenital Anomalies - Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Tags: Invited Review Article Source Type: research