Optogenetic Tools for Control of Neural Activity

Understanding the contribution of defined elements to the dynamics of neural circuitry requires not only control on a time scale relevant to neural activity, but also specificity such that the experimental manipulation leaves other components of the circuit unaltered [1]. Electrical stimulation, while providing precise temporal control, modulates neurons based only on location, regardless of identity. Conversely, pharmacological control manipulates the activity of neurons based on specific properties, but in the absence of precise temporal control and with limited spatial control. The adaptation of light-activated ion channels and pumps to neuroscience has enabled temporally precise manipulation of genetically defined circuit elements and allows collection of causal, rather than correlative, data in describing the function of neural elements in acute slice preparation and anesthetized or awake, behaving animals [2]. The ready integration of these “optogenetic” tools [3] into the standard neuroscience toolbox has opened the door to experimental paradigms and insights that were not previously available. Here, we provide an overview of optogenetic principles followed by a description of currently available tools for control of depolarization, hyperpolarization, and biochemical signaling cascades.

Source: Springer protocols feed by Neuroscience - January 27, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: news